Constantine Middle Algerian capital, and the major cities of Algeria in the area and the population census.
Featuring the ancient city being built on the rock of the harsh lime, which gave it a unique sight is impossible that there are like him across the world in any city.
To cross from the West to other built several bridges across the ages, Constantine became comprising more than 8 bridges so named Constantine City suspension bridges.
Valley passes and sand on the ancient city of Constantine and topped with bridges at heights exceeding 200 meters.
History
The history of the region and with the advent of the Berber tribes in attendance. The Greeks called them the name of the Libyans, Alnomidiin.oeensp establishing Constantine Altjaralviniqian.kan to the old name is (Qrta) means Balviniqih (village or city) was the Carthaginians call (Saram Batim).
Famed "Serta" -alasm old Constantine - for the first time when taken Masinisa king Nomideh capital of the kingdom. I knew the city after the siege of Jugurtha, who refused to divide the kingdom of his father into three sections, with the support of the Romans, and after a siege that lasted five months stormed the fortifications of the city and seized. Serta returned to live with a new glory Jugurtha Nomidbh new king and who was able to avoid the division of the kingdom into the kingdoms.
Entered the city then under the authority of the Romans. During the Byzantine era rebelled year 311 AD. The central authority Vajtaanha Romanian troops of the emperor ordered a new and Maxinos Btakribea.
He Emperor Ksentntin built in 313 AD. And taken his name and became known as Constantinople or Constantine. I knew from the year 429 AD invasions of the Vandals, then recovered by the Byzantines.
Entered the city in the custody of the Zirids then Alhamadaan owners of the castle and Bejaia. Andalusians settled in the city as settled by the Jewish community, and deal with them people of the city of tolerance. It is worth mentioning that the arrival of Jews was after the fall of Andalusia where they lived peacefully under Islamic rule, and then expelled Christians fanatics of the Catholic Church in Rome after the fall of the last rulers of Andalusia.
And since the thirteenth century moved to the city's possession Hafsids owners Tunisia and remained in their hands until the entry of Turkish Algerians.
Before a final stability in the region, the Ottoman Turks tried to occupy the city several times, and have always been hampered by resistance Hafsids. Year 1568. My parents drove Mohammed Saleh Rice campaign on the city, and was able to seize them from non-combat. And condemned his country after the expulsion Abdelmoumen Hafsids leader and his tribe children Asawlh.
Constantine has been chosen to be the capital of the Middle Baeljk. The benefit of eBay (1771-1792 AD.) The creation of the city and flushed character Almmes.mn most important work to build a mosque and a school Alqtanih. School and Sidi Lakhdar and Me, which teaches the Arabic language. It has also established a special district for the Jews after they Mtozein throughout the city.
Year 1830, and with the occupation of Algeria by the French rejection of the city's residents to recognize the authority of the French. Ahmed led the Bay campaign and was able to respond in French twice in two different battles to conquer the Qantara, which represented the East Gate. In 1837, she was able Domoreir French campaign led by the betrayal of a Jewish population of the city (where the French were able to sneak into the city through secret passages to reach the city center), and by artillery also make a hole in the wall of the city. Then Event burglary, and collided with French soldiers fierce resistance of the people and were forced to continue fighting in the streets and houses. Finally, the battle ended in the deaths of many people, and the stability of the occupiers in the city after several years of failed attempts. Ahmed Bey and able successor to bin Isa flee south
Monuments
There are several features of the state of Constantine and the effects of the most important:
- The tombs of prehistoric: The people of the city of Constantine graves on a great deal of luxury, located summit Mount, Mr. Msid, in a place called "monument of the dead."
Also discovered other tombs located under the "Cave Bears" and another hand "Pkarh", as there are other graves in "Carob" sites called "retreat Sidi Bou stone" Qhqash, and adequate Tasingh Bbnoarh and all vowed to pre-history.
- Cemetery Almigalitih to Bonowarh: 32 km from Constantine, and the National Road No. 20 leading toward the cemetery is located Valma Almigalitih to Bonowarh the south-western slopes of the mountain "removed" 2 km north of the village Bonowarh.
This consists Atmanat "dolments" layers of calcareous coherent back to the prehistoric era, and it seems that a large number of them have been damaged and disappearing.
It is noteworthy that the general model for these historical monuments in the form of a table is composed of four blocks of rock and vertical table, forming turn room triangular shape and is usually Aldolman surrounded by a circle of stones one, and sometimes two circles or three or four, had been residents of the area veterans use them to bury their dead in this way dungeon that seems to have continued into the third century BC.
- Cave bears: a length of 60 m and no rock northern Constantine.
Bighorn Cave: There is near the cave bears and a length of 18:00 and is considered both Alkhvin two industries archaeological dating back to the prehistoric period.
Masinisa and shrine Bakherob: just 16 km south-east of Constantine tomb is located Masinisa is a square tower, was built in the form of strips by three rows of stones which is carved in a way inspired by the method Aligriqi- Alboniqi The proportions of this shrine to Masinisa who was born in 238 BC. AD and died in 148 BC, fever this area for 60 years and is credited with founding the state Numidian, also contributed to the upgraded urbanization and the development of agriculture in the region and the foundations of a strong army.
Shrine to Ulius: tomb is located to Ulius in Mount grill place called "the barn," a distance of about 25 kilometers northwest of Constantine, not far from the "Tides" has a cylindrical shape, built of hewn stone and built by "K Ulius Abrekes" ruler of Rome at that time in memory of his family .
Tidis: Located 30 km north-west of Constantine and disappear in Mount deserted, was her past several names such as: "Constantine antique", "the head of the house" and also named the "City of Holies" Due to the large number of caves that had people worshiping them, and it seems that its present name "Tidis" is the name of a local Nomide, the Romans Voatoha name castelli respublica tidditanorum.
The meaning of "Castelli" is where bosses, meaning "Rossbeblaka" with organizations enjoy any municipality, has been the role of this city is doing a job to protect the castle developed city Serta from foreign attacks.
The consequences of civilizations that came to "Tidis" a witness to the day starting Basor history, the Punic civilization, civilization, Romanian, Byzantine civilization to the Islamic civilization.
Reflected prehistoric age in a group of tombs called "Dolmen" meaning "tables rock", as well as the old cemetery is located on the slope of the north side and gathered a number of historic buildings circular affected in a way mass burial, which was called "Bazenas" and indicate the monument and evidence on the age Alboniqi, as reflected in the character of the Roman curricula relating to urban planning system.
Serta door: There is a teacher archaeological status of market Boumzo likely that it was a temple, and its discovery dates back to June of 1935, and according to some studies, this temple was built around the year 363 AD.
Romania braces: no road leading to the coral lead, and the water was flowing from these brackets passes Bomersov source and fountain (Mount Gurion) to tanks and cisterns in compensation in the pavilion in the city, and this teacher is evidence of civilization Romania.
Baths Tsar: still raised to this day, and are found in the slope Valley sand, located on the opposite side of the train station, but the floods had destroyed by 1957, has been these baths Romania attracts families and households, shower Bmyaha warm and enjoy the scenery surrounding them, especially in spring.
Valid residence Bay: is the resort to rest, is located just 8 km north-west of Constantine, was by townhouses particular, the benefit of any built for his family in the 18th century, to erect a building elegant amid lush gardens that adorned the slope until the valley of the sand, and accommodation is available the dome is an ancient pilgrimage destination for women to exercise some approximate ritual known as the "newsletter".
Palace of Ahmed Bey: The Palace Albay one of the architectural masterpieces important Constantine The idea inception to "Ahmed Bay" who was influenced during his visit to parts of the sacred art of Islamic architecture and wanted to translate his fascination with this architecture built a palace, and has already started the works in 1827, ending the year 1835 extends this palace on an area of 5600 square meters, and is characterized by Batsall accuracy organizing and distributing its wings to that genius in architecture and taste together.
Throughout history, exposure to several attempts to change and modify, especially during the colonial period where the French administration tried to bring European-style palace on the blurs Islamic decoration and Alakecana (Ceramics). The Riyazh architecture of the palace has been altered too much about origin of the Islamic after the French occupation of the city and has become a mixture of Riyazac architecture, however, the original identity of the palace remained the prevailing and dominant on all of its parts and Vdhaouath wonderful, though the visiting him enjoy Bnicohh and decoration and colorants articles that refer to the reference architecture rooted in originality and foot. The ancient city bestow the ancient city Pedrobha narrow and Privacy their buildings a distinctive character, and strive Bouaputea roofed and architecture in the Islamic withstand a longer period, suggesting to civilization and Architectural refuses to disappear. The legacy of the old city is a morally and aesthetically pleasing city all the memory components of cultural, social, and cultural. Constantine has been known, like other Islamic capitals and cities niche markets, each market singled out a particular trade or craft, and is still the city's markets retain these designations such as butchers, blacksmiths, yarn market, and others. This is in addition to the spaces that hedge their homes and called the spacious, specializes such as wool broad and spacious beauty. The markets for each district of the city, it was called the peduncle, a small market, and what remains of the ancient city alive today called "peduncle".
Mosques
Constantine overshadowed its character cultural and religious since ancient times, and this appearance after devoting stability by Islam, I knew the process of building mosques by a permanent process, and Znserd the names of the most important of these mosques are as follows:
Great Mosque: built in the era of the Zirid year 503 AH 0.1136 m, was built on the ruins of the Roman temple of the object approach Larbi Ben M'hidi Currently, foreign engineered changed as a result of restoration, featuring Arabic writings inscribed on its walls.
Collector yarn market: Hassan Bey ordered built and that was in 1143-1730m) turned to the French military leadership as well as the cathedral remained to be returned to its origin after.
Collector Mr. Green: Albay was commissioned by Hassan bin Hussein, aka Abu Hanak in (1157-1743m) as evidenced by the inscription is installed on a slab of marble above the entrance door, and there beside the mosque cemetery includes several graves, including the grave of Hassan Bey.
Collector sir flaxen: There Square "market times" Currently, Bai Bin Saleh ordered lined built in (1190 AH -1 776) and next to him there is a family cemetery in favor of eBay.
Mosque of Emir Abdelkader: Laying the foundation President Houari Boumediene and inaugurated by President Chadli Ben Jadid is one of the largest mosques in North Africa, is characterized by its high minarets, which reaches an elevation of each one 107 m high dome of 64 m, Abhrk appearance With its magnificent architectural and is one of the artifacts that esteemed human hand in the present era, though done in this design style Levantine Andalusian, was the fruit of cooperation between some of the engineers and technicians of the Egyptians in addition to the significant contribution of engineers, technicians and workers, Algerians, and accommodates the mosque for about 15 thousand worshipers, and point out that the Egyptian engineer, "Mustafa Musa" which is one of the senior engineers Arabs is that the designs of the mosque and university.
The city is rich in a number of other mosques, including the Mosque of Sidi Fan - Mosque Sidi Mohamed Ben Mimoun- collector Sir Buanabh- University Ms. Hvsh- collector Sir Rashid- collector Sir Nmedil- Mosque Sidi Abdel Almamn- collector Sir, sir Boumazh- University Qmosh- University forty honorable, etc ...
Constantine doors
The city was fortified by a wall Taatkhalh seven gates, and some say six, all of which are closed in the evening, namely:
Alhananch door: which allows out of the north of the city through the valley of the sand, and lead to the springs that flow into the swimming pools Msid sir.
Alruah door: Sexy Slim extends across the roundabout, and leads to the northern side of the valley of sand and connects this to the headwaters of the door sir Memon flowing into the washroom.
Kantara door: the city of up to South West Valley sand.
Jabiya door: opens on the road to Mr. Rashid is located at an altitude of 510 m.
The new door is located north of Square early November, demolished in 1925.
Bab El Oued "or Mila door": allows access to the pavilion Rawabi in compensation, has no place was the Palace of Justice currently.
This has been a function of the doors of the city immunization against strangers and began to disappear gradually removed to be raised by the French occupation College. Monument built the dead back to 1934, was built to commemorate the dead of France who were killed in World War I and its surface visitor can regales his eyes marvelous panorama of the city of Constantine, was held by the statue of victory that seems mythical bird ready to fly. It is the specifics of this monument that is perfectly located midway between Algiers and Tunis, and there is a statue across from him, "the Virgin Mary" and named "Our Lady of Peace."
Bridge City bridges
Due to the rugged topography of the city and the Rift Valley, which opened up the deep sand, set up by seven bridges to facilitate movement, and known then as the city of Constantine suspension bridges, namely:
Kantara Gate Bridge: It is the oldest bridges built in 1792 and destroyed by the French to build on the ruins of the existing bridge and the year 1863.
Mr. Rashid Bridge: 27 and carries a bow, the largest of which has a diameter of 70 m, and estimated B105m taller, a length of 447 m and width 12 o'clock, began to traffic by 1912, and a stone bridge is the highest in the world
Bridge sir Msid: built by the French in 1912 and is also called the bridge commentator, estimated B175m height and length of 168, the highest bridges of the city.
Bridge navigator # converter navigator Suleiman Suleiman: Is the corridor railing allocated for pedestrians only and a length of 15 m and width of two meters and a half, a connecting street between the railway station and the city center.
Bridge Mjazn sheep: it is an extension of the street Rahmani Ashour, due to the narrowness is unidirectional.
Devil's Bridge: a small bridge linking the two banks of the valley of the sand and is located at the bottom of the groove.
Bridge Waterfalls: There is a road leading to the swimming pool and the bridge above the water and sand valley that pass beneath composed Falls, and built in 1928.
Bridge Project sand Giant: proportion to the Valley of the sand will be a length of 1150 meters and a width of 25 m paths back and two roads forth in addition to Scotty "Tramway" in the middle of the bridge and at an altitude of more than 100 m and extend from the heights of "neighborhood Mansoura" up to "neighborhood Janan olive" is supposed to be completed built in 2009 has been allocated to him casing Mali 250 million dinars.
Orchards and gardens
Called poets Constantine the name of the city, "a fancy air" and this because of the amenities Guha, Paper temperament of its people, and the spread of orchards and trees in all its parts, and thus available city on several gardens public works to improve the atmosphere inside, and perhaps the most important of these parks, which still maintains its glory and beauty, garden bin Nasser or as they are called, "Janan rich" and mediates Street Bab El Oued, the district of Sidi Mabrouk there Haddiktan one located the upper region and the other is located in the region lower, and there are garden district of beautiful scenery bearing the name "Verwa Abdul Hamid" it should be noted that the Palace "Ahmad Bay "is available on the wonderful garden beauty, remember some of the stories that Bey himself was supervised by, among gardens Constantine wrote about some historians and travelers' garden, Qassoum Muhammad: (which claims Sakura Qambith) located behind the street CRB, which has been attracting a lot of the people for its beauty and intensity of the trees and there are a statue of the sculptor "Lost" L Hoest, and under the bridge door Qantara Hdegh no great beauty, and due to its location in the slope, they are enchanting sight from afar.
Baths
Still pools the city of Constantine, which dates back to the Ottoman province on the shape and geometry and function, and numbering about 20 bathrooms are still residents of the city of destination and preferred the modern bathrooms, and perhaps the first bath built by the Turks was the bathroom, "three" object neighborhood of the coast, and also called bath "to Hua" being built on the slope renamed the reason for the bathroom, "three" is because he was the only one who
identified price of three "Sourda" identified in the bathrooms while the other five of
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